Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

divergent process

  • 1 расходящийся процесс

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > расходящийся процесс

  • 2 расходящийся

    1. disbanded
    2. divergent

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > расходящийся

  • 3 расходящийся процесс

    Mathematics: divergent process

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > расходящийся процесс

  • 4 concertación

    f.
    concertation, modus vivendi, arrangement, accommodation.
    * * *
    1 agreement, reconciliation
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acto) harmonizing; (=coordinación) coordination; (=reconciliación) reconciliation
    2) (=pacto) agreement, pact
    * * *
    femenino ( acto) coordination, harmonization; ( pacto) agreement
    * * *
    = agreement, consensus.
    Ex. Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.
    Ex. Efforts are being made in the direction of an international consensus on the definition and treatment of corporate authorship.
    ----
    * concertación racial = racial harmony.
    * concertación social = social harmony.
    * * *
    femenino ( acto) coordination, harmonization; ( pacto) agreement
    * * *
    = agreement, consensus.

    Ex: Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.

    Ex: Efforts are being made in the direction of an international consensus on the definition and treatment of corporate authorship.
    * concertación racial = racial harmony.
    * concertación social = social harmony.

    * * *
    1 (acto) coordination, harmonizing
    2 (pacto) agreement
    * * *

    concertación sustantivo femenino compromise, agreement
    * * *
    settlement
    Ind concertación social = process of employer-trade-union negotiations, Br ≈ social contract
    * * *
    f POL agreement

    Spanish-English dictionary > concertación

  • 5 Psychology

       We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)
       The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)
       Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)
       It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)
       "Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,
       The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)
       The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)
       According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)
       At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.
       In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.
       The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.
       Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)
       As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)
       The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology

  • 6 वाक्यम् _vākyam

    वाक्यम् [वच्-ण्यत् चस्य कः]
    1 Speech, words, a sentence, saying, what is spoken; शृणु मे वाक्यम् 'hear my words', 'hear me'; वाक्ये न संतिष्ठते 'does not obey'; संक्षिप्तस्याप्यतो$स्यैव वाक्यस्यार्थगरीयसः Śi.1.2.24.
    -2 A sen- tence, period (complete utterance of a thought); वाक्यं स्याद्योग्यताकाङ्क्षासत्तियुक्तः पदोच्चयः S. D.6; पदसमूहो वाक्यम् Tarka K.; श्रौत्यार्थी च भवेद्वाक्ये समासे तद्धिते तथा K. P.1.
    -3 An argument or syllogism (in logic).
    -4 A precept, rule, an aphorism.
    -5 (In astr.) The solar process for all astronomical computations.
    -6 An assertion, statement.
    -7 Command.
    -8 (In law) Declaration, legal evidence.
    -9 Betrothment.
    -Comp. -आडम्बरः bombastic language.
    -अर्थः 1 the meaning of a sentence.
    -2 (in Mīmāṁsā) the sense of a sente- nce derived on the strength of वाक्यप्रमाण as distin- guished from श्रुति, लिङ्ग and other प्रमाणs. This is weaker than and hence sublated by the श्रुत्यर्थ or श्रुति; यत्र श्रुत्यर्थो न संभवति तत्र वाक्यार्थो गृह्यते ŚB. on MS. 6.2.14. वाक्यार्थः श्रुत्या बाध्यते ŚB. on MS.6.2.14. According to Mīmāṁsā view the अर्थs of पदs are सामान्य and when these form a sentence to yield the वाक्यार्थ, they get restricted or modified. Hence वाक्यार्थ means the पदार्थs modified or restricted; सामान्येनाभिप्रवृत्तानां पदार्थानां यद्विशेषे$वस्थानं स वाक्यार्थः ŚB. on MS.3.1.12. ˚उपमा a variety of Upamā according to Daṇḍin; वाक्यार्थेनैव वाक्यार्थः को$पि यद्युपमीयते । एकानेकेवशब्दत्वात् सा वाक्यार्थोपमा द्विधा ॥ Kāv.2.43.
    -आलापः conversation, discourse.
    -उपचारः speaking; Rām.
    -खण्डनम् refutation of an assertion or argu- ment.
    -ग्रहः paralysis of speech.
    -पदम् a word in a sentence.
    -पदीयम् N. of a work attributed to Bhartri- hari.
    -पद्धतिः f. the manner of composing sentences, diction, style.
    -परिसमाप्तिः f. Completion of a sentence (i. e. the application of the sense expressed by a sentence). This occurs in two ways; (i) the sense of the sentence as a whole may be predicated of the things or persons mentioned in the उद्देशपद severally; or (ii) it may be predicated of them all combined together. The former is known as प्रत्येकं वाक्यपरिसमाप्तिः and is illustrated by देवदत्तयज्ञदत्तविष्णुमित्रा भोज्यन्ताम्; while the latter is known as समुदाये वाक्यपरिसमाप्तिः and illustr- ated by गर्गाः शतं दण्ड्यन्ताम्; see ŚB. on MS.3.1.12.
    -प्रबन्धः 1 a treatise, connected composition.
    -2 the flow of sentences.
    -प्रयोगः employed of speech, use of language.
    -भेदः a different assertion, a divergent statement; संदिग्धे तु व्यवायाद् वाक्यभेदः स्यात् MS.3.1.21; वाक्यभेदान् बहूनगमत् Mu.2.
    -रचना, -विन्यासः arrange- ment of words in a sentence, syntax.
    -विलेखः An officer in charge of writing of accounts, orders etc. ततो वाक्यविलेखाख्यैर्दत्तोपन्तैः स्वशक्तितः Parṇāl.4.55.
    -विशारद a. eloquent, skilled in speech.
    -शेषः 1 the remainder of a speech, an unfinished or incomplete sentence; सदोषावकाश इव ते वाक्यशेषः V.3.
    -2 an elliptical sentence.
    -सारथिः Spokesman.
    -स्थ a. Obsequious; attentive.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > वाक्यम् _vākyam

См. также в других словарях:

  • Divergent thinking — is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. It is often used in conjunction with convergent thinking, which follows a particular set of logical steps to arrive at one solution, which in… …   Wikipedia

  • divergent thinking — noun thinking that moves away in diverging directions so as to involve a variety of aspects and which sometimes lead to novel ideas and solutions; associated with creativity • Syn: ↑out of the box thinking • Ant: ↑convergent thinking • Hypernyms …   Useful english dictionary

  • divergent — adjective a) Growing further apart; diverging. Divergent thinking and transformations are, of course, no novel phenomena. They have always occurred in the translation process, but perhaps we have not been fully aware of them, or have not been… …   Wiktionary

  • Creative Problem Solving Process — The Creative Problem Solving Process (CPS), also known as the Osborn Parnes CPS process, was developed by Alex Osborn and Dr. Sidney J. Parnes in the 1950s.[1] CPS is a structured method for generating novel and useful solutions to problems. CPS… …   Wikipedia

  • Peace process in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict — Part of a series on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and Arab–Israeli conflict Israeli–Palestinian peace process …   Wikipedia

  • thought process — noun the process of using your mind to consider something carefully thinking always made him frown she paused for thought • Syn: ↑thinking, ↑thought, ↑cerebration, ↑intellection, ↑mentation • …   Useful english dictionary

  • Open-hearth process — Open O pen, a. [AS. open; akin to D. open, OS. opan, G. offan, Icel. opinn, Sw. [ o]ppen, Dan. aaben, and perh. to E. up. Cf. {Up}, and {Ope}.] 1. Free of access; not shut up; not closed; affording unobstructed ingress or egress; not impeding or… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Siemens-Martin process — Open O pen, a. [AS. open; akin to D. open, OS. opan, G. offan, Icel. opinn, Sw. [ o]ppen, Dan. aaben, and perh. to E. up. Cf. {Up}, and {Ope}.] 1. Free of access; not shut up; not closed; affording unobstructed ingress or egress; not impeding or… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Divergence (computer science) — In computer science, a computation is said to diverge if it does not terminate or terminates in an (unobservable) exceptional state. Otherwise it is said to converge. In domains where computations are expected to be infinite, such as process… …   Wikipedia

  • problem solving — Process involved in finding a solution to a problem. Many animals routinely solve problems of locomotion, food finding, and shelter through trial and error. Some higher animals, such as apes and cetaceans, have demonstrated more complex problem… …   Universalium

  • Creativity — For other uses of Creativity , see Creativity (disambiguation). Human intelligence Abilities and Traits Abstract thought Communication  …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»